Modernism in Design edited by ... free essay sample

Innovation in Design altered by Paul Greenhalgh This is an elegantly composed and careful assortment of papers assessing various points interweaved with Modernism, concentrating especially on Modernism in engineering and inside structure. Paul Greenhalgh was an individual from the Department of Research at the Victoria and Albert exhibition hall and a guide on the VA/RCA structure course. The point of the book is to remake Modernism as a verifiable marvel to which is a thought that I concur with, anyway the book was exhausting and unengaging. The book itself had little representation, where a photograph was possibly embedded when alluding to a particular, i.e (p.84) delineates Makarts studio just to show the studio. When talking about such a fascinating subject, for example, Modernism and particularly in Architecture the assortment of papers could have been damaged by an all the more intriguing medium. The substance of the book was hard to follow, as the language appeared to be conversational or still in thought. The book is intriguing on the grounds that there is no inclination. It permits both the partialities and inclinations permitting the peruser to shape basic and thoughtful points of view. Innovation in Design and engineering developed in the result of the First World War and the Russian Revolution. During the years between the World wars, Modernist plan and workmanship shared certain hidden standards: a dismissal of adornment and applied decoration; an inclination for reflection; and a conviction that structure and innovation could change society. Post war a large portion of the world should have been fixed. Individuals were living in obliteration and the world should have been modified. To proceed onward from the demolition it additionally should have been upgraded. Which prompted the pioneer belief system of building Utopia. Configuration was seen to be able to change the awareness of the individuals who were carried into contact with it. For instance, if one somehow happened to upgrade a city, this would not just improve the natural conditions off the individuals who lived in it, it would can possibly move their mental outlook(Greenhalgh, 1990 p.13) Modernism was not imagined as a style yet a free assortment of thoughts. For instance you were unable to mark a plan itself as a pioneer structure anyway the techniques used to make the plan could thought about piece of the innovator development. The procedure prospered in Germany, Holland, Moscow, Paris, Prague and New York. A conviction that the human condition could be relieved or recuperated by new ways to deal with craftsmanship and structure. There are 12 recognizable center basic thoughts of Modernism which were recorded in the book:1. Decompartmentalisation 2. Social Morality3. Truth4. The complete masterpiece 5. Technology6. Function7. Progress8. Anti-Historicism 9. Abstraction 10. Internationalism/unversiality 11. Transformation of cognizance 12. Religious philosophy In no specific request, I concur that internationalism/all inclusiveness and capacity, were two center thoughts exemplified in the pioneer period. We could state that the innovation development was part into two stages, the pioneer stage opening in the midst of the First World War, the second stage I will name the advancement of International style. Global style was an extremely fruitful exertion to make a unified unmistakable style for the ordinary. With worldwide participation the journey for a quiet world can be accomplished, this at that point prompts a widespread plan. Which is as yet conspicuous in structure today that articles can be seen the truth about all inclusive, regardless of, central contrasts in language and time. While portraying the pioneer development Greenhalgh utilizes language like middle class to depict the individuals legitimately included. Alluding to the pioneers as average this persuades this a specific gathering of individuals; whom I am inexperienced with, because of the way that I am not white collar class. In this way, despite the fact that, innovation influenced the world both straightforwardly and in a roundabout way, with long haul impacts; the individuals who legitimately profited would be those of white collar class or higher. A global language profited nobody aside from the individuals who every now and again voyaged abroad†¦and such individuals would in general be affluent as opposed to poor Kettle, Tefal.Ive added another center regular plan to the pioneer development which is agelessness. Greenhalgh alludes to agelessness every now and again all through the readings yet doesnt notice it as a center thought. Deliberation, is, one of the center thoughts however, which permits me to accept that agelessness was forgotten about intentionally. Pioneers themselves couldn't have had agelessness as a typical thought without the advantage of knowing the past. How might you see a plan to be immortal on the off chance that you are living in the hour of the structure. Greenhalgh quickly kids about the advantage of knowing the past/time saw from the protected separation of the 1990s yet doesn't broadly expound of how recipient knowing the past is while seeing the order of the Modern Movement in Design. I concur with idea that fashioners no longer structure for themselves, in the midst of and after the pioneer development. Post-innovation has for a very long while commended the demise of the writer and concentrated its considerations on the job of the peruser. Everything is intended for the customer as we live in an entrepreneur world (paying little heed to east or west) where prevalence approaches cash and cash rises to control. Greenhalgh begins by focusing on that in his referral to present day he doesn't mean new or now or contemporary or most stylish trend yet explicit philosophies and conviction frameworks. Be that as it may, in the readings it is obvious to me that Modernists thought of themselves as the new the now the contemporary the most stylish trend and appeared to dispose of the respect to their ancestors as though everything that they have made is completely outsider. Maybe, with the advantage of advancing very nearly 100 years into the future, I can see the development of plan. In spite of the fact that, I can recognize the developmental hypothesis of plan, with the advantage of knowing the past I can likewise distinguish where the essential principals and basics must be followed in structure.

Good Parenting free essay sample

Child rearing is without a doubt an all day occupation, and there will never be an ideal parent. There are decisions made by individuals in today’s society saying how one parent is better than the other, however by who’s measures? I accept that I’ve limited the â€Å"standards to great parenting† down to three central matters. One, when a parent furnishes their kid with a significant sense or ethics and character. Two, when a parent gives as well as can be expected to their kid. What I mean by that announcement is the point at which a parent takes the vital duties and activities to bring up their own kid. To wrap things up, a parent is somebody their kid can proceed to converse with. At the point when these gauges are met, the parent has succeeded. At the point when somebody turns into a parent, the weight is on. Obligations must be taken so as to accommodate the youngster. For instance, one may take on an additional activity to help be monetarily steady. We will compose a custom exposition test on Great Parenting or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page By having this additional cash things become increasingly adaptable and stable in the family unit. Guardians can manage the cost of school supplies, food, garments and a safe house for their youngster. At the point when a parent accommodates their youngster, it gives the parent a feeling of pride. A dependable grown-up likewise makes penances. It might be not completing their nails each other week like they used to, or, it might be simply investing more energy with them. On the off chance that a parent does this for their kid, at that point they are on the correct side of child rearing. Second means to great child rearing, is being a child’s closest companion. As a parent, the youngster should feel good going to their parent for anything. They could be requested exhortation or they may simply need their parent to hear them out. In any case, the youngster shows that they have trust in the relationship with their parent. Realizing that their kid can believe you is an enormous achievement. In the event that a parent doesn't prevail at turning into their child’s companion, things can get really troublesome. The youngster starts to sneak and lie about specific things with the expectation that the parent won’t care about what is truly going on. At some point or another, the youngster starts to get into increasingly more difficulty which gives worry upon the parent and family. No one needs this result for their kid or family, so being there for the youngster and turning into their companion is probably the best thing a parent can do. To wrap things up, any great parent controls their youngster and furnishes them with a decent arrangement of virtues and character. These characteristics can be passed down from age to age or learned over the span of life. Character is the thing that the youngster creates while growing up, however the guardians are the ones who manage them and shape the manner in which they develop. They furnish a layout that will stay with them for a long time to come. Later on throughout everyday life, they will end up being a parent and ideally pass their qualities and qualities along to their kinfolk. There are a lot more characteristics that guardians can must be known as a decent parent, however I accept these three are the most significant. These three â€Å"standards† bigly affect their child’s life and that’s why I think they are the most significant. Regardless, individuals will have their own principles and assessments yet that doesn’t make you a terrible parent in the event that you don’t observe their standards. You are a decent parent when you do all the better you can accomplish for your kid, in the event that you are there for your youngster and to wrap things up, in the event that you have given a decent feeling of virtues.

3 things every recommender should know COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

3 things every recommender should know COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Recommendation letters are one of the most important components of any application. It is also the only component of your application that you have little control over. This makes them unnecessarily stressful. I intentionally said “little control” because I want to stress the point that you DO actually have some control over the content, formatting and submission of recommendation letters, and successful applicants often make the best use of this control they possibly can. There are several posts on this blog, as well as on online forums, regarding what you should do to ensure the letters are the best you can obtain. This includes  selecting appropriate recommenders and making sure they are well acquainted with your goals, both academic and professional, especially as they relate to SIPA, and also that your writers stay on track in terms of submission deadlines. Overall, there are three main things you should focus on as you approach your recommenders and/or guide them through the process of letter writing. Why? Well because your recommenders familiarity with writing recommendation letters can vary widely. For example,  when I applied to my U.S. undergraduate school, my Romanian professors had never even heard of a “recommendation letter.” Most of them also didn’t speak English. And while the task was considerably easier when I applied to SIPA  (because  my college professors were familiar with writing recommendation letters  and Columbia University), I still prepared a short, concise document to orient their letters, in addition to sending them my resume. The three things I stressed in that document  are the same  three things every recommender should know, which are: 1. Why you  want to apply to SIPA Make sure you detail your motivation, as well as how your experience fits the school. 2. Which program you are applying to In general, be as specific as you can, both in your application, and in your guide for their recommendation letters. The better they/you can pinpoint what program/concentration/institute/research area/faculty member you’re interested in working with/in, the more you’ll stand out and the better prepared you will seem. This of course entails that you do your research, and tie your skills/experience to those particular areas of interest you are envisioning. 3. How your  skills/experience make  you a strong candidate  and a positive addition to SIPA “Ask not what SIPA can do for you, but what you can do for SIPA.” That’s the essence of this point. Remind your recommenders of instances where you demonstrated those skills  in  situations they witnessed. For one of my recommenders, I inserted a “remember when you asked me to chair that international affairs conference for undergraduates? Well, that conference really inflamed my intellectual appetite for the topic, and it has only intensified in the past few years.” Additional tip: How to submit your letters Since  recommendations are submitted online, make sure your recommenders check both their inbox and spam folders so that they don’t miss the link we send them. They will use this link to log in to the application system and submit their letter on your behalf. If they have issues with the online submission, they can email the letters to sipa_admission@columbia.edu. (If they submit the letter through email, they can also attach this optional evaluation sheet, which is already provided if they submit it through the application system.) Please remember that all letters should be on letterhead,  signed and in English (or accompanied by certified translations). Also, note that all documents, except foreign transcripts judged irreplaceable, become the property of Columbia University and cannot be returned. So if you need a copy of your recommendation letter, ask your recommender for one. As always, let us know if you have any questions! P.S. Review last years blog post, 4 Tips for Letters of Recommendation for  advice on selecting your recommenders. [Photo courtesy of Unsplash.com via Flickr  |  (CC0 1.0)]

A Plea for a Peircean Turn in Analytic Philosophy Essay

A Plea for a Peircean Turn in Analytic Philosophy ABSTRACT: Criticisms of analytic philosophy have increased in intensity in the last decade, denouncing specifically its closing in on itself, which results in barrenness and ignorance of real human problems. The thought of C. S. Peirce is proposed as a fruitful way of renewing the analytic tradition and obviating these criticisms. While this paper is largely a reflection on Hilary Putnam’s study of the historical development of analytic philosophy, not only can some of its main roots be traced back to Peirce, but also the recent resurgence of pragmatism can be regarded as a pragmatist renovation of the analytic tradition. Further, Peirce’s thought offers suggestions for tackling some†¦show more content†¦On the one hand, not only can some of the main roots of analytic philosophy be traced back to Peirce, but the recent resurgence of pragmatism (Bernstein, 1992) can also be regarded as a pragmatist renovation of analytic philosophy. On the other hand, Peirces th ought offers suggestions for tackling some of the most stubborn problems in contemporary philosophy, and in particular he may help us to shoulder once again the philosophical responsibility which has been largely abdicated by much of 20th century philosophy (Debrock, 1992: 1). In order to show this, my paper is divided in four sections: 1) A brief description of the decline of analytic philosophy; 2) the return of the history of philosophy as a key to its recovery; 3) Charles S. Peirces relevance, and finally, 4) Peirce and analytic philosophy. 1. The decline of analytic philosophy When Wolfgang Spohn became the managing editor of the new Erkenntnis he referred to its first eight volumes as a historically singular document, signaling a new era in philosophy with great enthusiasm and optimism (Spohn, 1990:1). But sixty years after the founding of Erkenntnis it is really difficult to be so enthusiastic about analytic philosophy when one notices the decline of logical empiricism, the bewildering specialization within philosophical inquiry, and contemporary disorientation and eclecticism in philosophy. These

Importance of Barracks Cleanliness Essay - 1729 Words

` The Army has many standards that Soldiers must meet. Maintaining your barracks room to Army standards is a responsibility every Soldier must adhere to. It is extremely important to maintain the healthiness and cleanliness of ones room Maintaining your barracks room is a very easy task to do. It does not take much to put your dirty clothes in a hamper or to make your bed or even dust. All of those tasks are very simple to do. By not maintaining my room I put myself,room mate, and anyone else at a greater risk of getting sick. Unsanitary conditions in the barracks room is disgusting. Through frequent contact throughout the day with the other soldiers that one soldier could be if he, or she becomes sick, could possibly cause other†¦show more content†¦This type of action could result negatively when the soldier is being considered for an opportunity to go to the soldier of the month board or when an opportunity for a promotion waiver to be granted to the soldier. It is important to follow orders because of the fact that we are soldiers and that is what we do. Not only that but when soldiers decide not to follow orders regardless of what the order is provided it is not an unlawful order they are subject to punishment under Article 92 of the Universal Code of Military Justice, for Article 92 of the Universal Code of Military Justice states as follows: 892. ART. 92. FAILURE TO OBEY ORDER OR REGULATION Any person subject to this chapter who--(1) violates or fails to obey any lawful general order or regulation; (2) having knowledge of any other lawful order issued by any member of the armed forces, which it is his duty to obey, fails to obey the order; or(3) is derelict in the performance of his duties;shall be punished as a court-martial may direct.This makes it very clear that any service member who fails to obey any lawful order shall be punished as a court-martial directs. Not only is it in the regulations but if soldiers decide to disobey d irect orders during a deployment or during a combat mission they could put other soldiers’ lives in danger for no reason other than they decided they weren’t going to follow lawful orders. Even stateside inShow MoreRelatedClean: Hygiene and Cleanliness Essay905 Words   |  4 PagesThe barracks are places great emphasis on cleanliness and well-being, both physically and leadership. In these places, even as much as a clean window is linked to physical cleanliness. More importantly, cleanliness is termed an indispensable fundamental of our role as a leader. However, this fundamental is sometimes hard to understand for some people, unfortunately, is not reflected in our cilivilian life practically. Serious reflection is required on our individual as well as collective teamworkingRead MoreEssay about THE IMPORTANCE OF KEEPING YOUR BARRACKS ROOM CLEAN1108 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿THE IMPORTANCE OF KEEPING YOUR BARRACKS ROOM CLEAN By: SPC Crawford, Michael S The Army has many standards that Soldiers must meet on a daily basis. Maintaining your barracks room to Army standards is a responsibility every Soldier must adhere to. It is extremely important to maintain the healthiness and cleanliness of one’s room. Maintaining your barracks room is a very easy task to do. It does not take much to put your dirty clothes in a hamper or to make your bed or even dust. All of thoseRead MoreFlorence Nightingale s Environmental Theory1333 Words   |  6 Pagesphenomenal nursing career truly began to arise during the Crimean War in turkey in October 1854 (Cook, 1913.) Nightingale was placed on a military post that was infested with pests (Cook, 1913.) It was Nightingale’s goal to improve the infested barracks and built an infrastructure to support care by massively cleaning and improving the environment with laundry and a kitchen for soldiers. Though the readings of Nightingales, Notes on Nursing: What It Is and What It Is Not (1860/1980), demonstratesRead MoreThe And Background Of Nightingale1740 Words   |  7 PagesJacob, 2014). In 1854, during the Crimea War, Florence Nightingale was asked to be lead of a group of nurses at one of the military hospitals in the Crimea (Cherry Jacob, 201 4). According to Cherry and Jacob, â€Å"when Nightingale arrived at the Barracks Hospital, she found deplorable conditions† (Cherry Jacob, 2014, p. 8). Nightingale made it a mission to convert the horrible conditions into a safe and clean environment by purchasing medical supplies, food, clean linen, and hospital equipmentRead MoreFlorence Nightingale592 Words   |  3 PagesTyphus and Cholera were the main reasons why the death rate was so high. Nightingale and her nurses transformed the military hospitals by setting up sanitation practices, such as hand washing and washing clothing regularly. The mortality rate in the Barrack Hospital in Turkey was reduced from 42 to 2 percent (Kozier, 2004). She improved the sanitary conditions of the troops both during and after the Crimean War. Her achievements in improving the sanitary conditions and standards for the care of war casualtiesRead MoreHistorical Development Nursing Timeline1331 Words   |  6 Pagesof nursing today i s based upon the lives of many, their contributions, sacrifices and experiences. These things brought about renovations in patient care. Different ways of thinking led to research, theories and evidenced based practice. The importance of studying nursing history has led to overall progression of nursing as a profession. In order to fully study the historical development of nursing we need to study all aspects of nursing science throughout time, explain the relationships betweenRead MoreDo You Agree with the View That Mary Seacole , and Not Florence Nightingale , Was the Real ‘Angle of Mercy’ During the Crimean War?1185 Words   |  5 Pagesoutweighs Nightingale’s; therefore I believe Mary Seacole deserves the title of the real â€Å"angel of mercy†. Florence Nightingale actions mainly focused on the hygiene and cleanliness, and the organization of the hospital since the majority of the death was due to neglect of sanitation. Source U is a lithograph of one of the wards in the Barrack Hospital in Scutari, where Nightingale was in charge of. It showed the hospital was clearly clean and organized with windows opened, clean floor, wide space betweenRead MoreFlorence Nightingale s Lessons For Global Health Nursing1197 Words   |  5 Pages In her The Hewlett Letters, Nightingale highlights the factors that contributed to the diseases of the British troops in India: bad water, bad drainage, filthy bazaars (market-places), lack of proper ventilation, and overcrowding of barracks and sick-wards (Vallà ©e McDonald, 2006, 133; in Hegge, 2013, 47). She offered suggestions how to adjust the environment to promote healing, by creating an organized system of care (e.g. need to provide hot water to all floors). In accordance withRead MoreNursing Philosophers : Those Who Paved The Way1563 Words   |  7 Pagesappropriate for the patient’s health. There were â€Å"five environmental factors: fresh air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness or sanitation, and light or direct sunlight† (â€Å"Florence Nightingale – The Lady with the Lamp†, 2014). While helping with the war, she was asked to improve sanitation and organization of facilities. Consequently, â€Å"the mortality rate at the Barracks Hospital in Scutari, Turkey, was reduced from 42.7% to 2.2% in six months. (Potter et al., 2013, p. 2). Nightingale, laterRead More A German Perspective on World War Two Essay1618 Words   |  7 Pagessongs, it actually was not what most people think Hitler Jugend was. Yes, we learned about the Nazi movement , but we also learned nice songs†¦We even learned to cook†¦It taught us to be polite to people†¦They wanted to raise very polite, clean youth. Cleanliness, some of the things†¦ It was very important. The Nazi party did not intend the Hitler Youth as a 4-H Club, but as a program to control the minds of the younger generations. In an essay published in a monthly Nazi propaganda paper, Erich Felhberg

Art Criticism Free Essays

Art Criticism Research Paper Gustav Klimt, The Kiss, Oil and gold leaf on canvas, 1907-1908 The Kiss, painted by Gustav Klimt, is probably his most recognized work. He began working on the painting in 1907. In The Kiss, there is a couple embracing each other. We will write a custom essay sample on Art Criticism or any similar topic only for you Order Now The man is covered in neutral colored rectangles, and the woman is wearing brightly colored circles and flowers in her hair. There are many lines in the image considering all of the rectangles the man is wearing. They are colored in various shades of gold and symbols, while embracing each other with a kiss against a bronze background. The texture seems rough and varied throughout the piece. The couple is the focal point of the piece, while the rest of the painting shatters into colorful patterns. This hints the idea that Klimt was inspired by Art Nouveau and the Arts and Crafts Movement. There is not much negative space in the piece. The couple and their patterns dominate the image because it is right in the center of the page. There is not much negative space in the piece, but the man has black rectangles all over his body. This is significant because it depicts the sharpness and boldness of a man in contrast to the woman who wears circular patterns all over her body. This is where the biggest contrast is. The emphasis is on the couple because of the bold bronze color that the couple is painted in. The contrast to the background helps it pop. The elements communicate a very content mood. The couple seems very passionate and sexual towards one another. The artwork is balanced very well. Every inch of the painting is painted in, and the top and bottom are filled in. There is a sense of depth because of all the contrasting colors. The picture looks very three-dimensional. The artwork has a rhythm that feels as if the viewer could feel the couple’s passionate movement. Klimt created this piece of art to convey the passionate love a man and woman can share. The picture is very sexual, yet full of heart. The couple seems to be so in effectuated with each other that the real world is no longer present. If I were the woman in the picture I would be thinking about how loved I am. The theme is that women and men share a kind of love that no one else can comprehend. The title for this piece is very appropriate, and I would not change it even if I could. The kiss is an extremely simple title that does a good job explaining the artwork, yet leaving room for the viewer to imagine for themselves. When I first looked at the artwork, I thought that it was just a couple kissing, but as I kept examining it I realized how much more it is. I enjoyed examining this piece of work a lot. I felt that it was very much worth my time because the artist used a very sophisticated kind of technique to portray his message. I think it is a very respectable piece because of its simplicity yet the complex message it portrays. How to cite Art Criticism, Papers

Waiting For Godot Essays (669 words) - Fiction,

Waiting For Godot Existentialists believe, in short, that life is pointless and man petty and miserable. Though existentialism covers many topics the beliefs about religion remain some of the more notable. Samuel Beckett embraces the idea that religion is absurd, irrational and pointless. He portrays those views through his play Waiting For Godot. Beckett uses the characters in Waiting For Godot to depict his satirical, existentialist views on religion. Beckett uses Godot as a vengeful savior to Estragon and Vladimir. Just as one goes to hell for betraying God Estragon and Vladimir receive punishment for betraying Godot. Estragon: And what if we dropped him? (Pause) If we dropped him? Vladimir: Hed punish us. Pg59 In the same way, one may acquire the gift of heaven for obeying God and Estragon and Vladimir shall receive a reward for their obedience to Godot. Vladimir: Unless Godot comes. Estragon: And if he comes? Vladimir: We will be saved. Pg60 In addition, Beckett satirizes human behavior in the absence of God through the actions of Estragon and Vladimir in the absence of Godot. Estragon: Thats all a pack of lies! (Shaking the boy by the arm.) Tell us the truth! Boy: (Trembling) But it is the truth sir! Vladimir: Whats the matter with you? Estragon: Im unhappy. Pg54 The messenger boy represent the enlightened. Beckett makes a distinct parallel between the boy and Gods angles. The boy portrays a prophet sent directly from Godot to inform Vladimir, or the clergy, how to lead Estragon, or the people of the church. Vladimir: You have a message from Godot? Boy: Yes sir. Vladimir: Well, what is it?. Boy: Mr. Godot told me to tell you he wont come this evening but surely To- morrow. Pg53-55 The boy also plays the only one to ever see or have any direct contact with Godot. Vladimir: You work for Mr. Godot?. Boy: Yes sir. What am I to tell Mr. Godot sir ? Vladimir: Tell him(He hesitates.)tell him you saw us. Pg55-56 Beckett uses Lucky and Pozzo to show mans inability to see his own absurd behavior. Estragon and Vladimir think Pozzos conduct strange, and his treatment of Lucky inhumane. They fail to see themselves and Godots disregard for them in this ridiculous pair. Pozzo: Up pig! (Pause) Every time he drops he falls asleep. (Jerks the rope.) Up hog!Back! (Enter Lucky backwards.) Stop!(Lucky stops.) Turn!(Lucky turns.)Coat! (Lucky advances, gives the coat, goes back to his place, takes up the bag.) Pg21-22 Just as Lucky jumps for Pozzo, Estragon and Vladimir jump for Godot. Estragon and Vladimir symbolize the church as a whole. Beckett uses Vladimir as the clergy who ministers to Estragon as the misguided masses. Vladimir never strays from his faith to Godot. He serves as a constant reminder that Godot will come. Estragon: Lets go. Vladimir: We Cant. Estragon: Why not? Vladimir: Were waiting for Godot. Pg8 Since the boy symbolizes a holy herald he confers only with the clergy, in this case, Vladimir. Vladimir: To-morrow everything will be better. Estragon: How do you make that out? Vladimir: Did you not here what that child said? Estragon: No. Pg56 Upon receiving the divine word it is the job of the preacher to get the message out to the people of the faith. Estragon: Where shall we go? Vladimir: Not far. Estragon: Why not? Vladimir: We have to come back To-morrow. Estragon: What for? Vladimir: To wait for Godot. Pg107 Beckett uses the figures in Waiting For Godot to portray his cynical, existentialist views on religion. The broad topic of existentialism covers far more than religion, though it prevails as the most popular aspect. Beckett thinks religion silly and impractical and shows those beliefs in his play Waiting For Godot. Existentialism also covers themes such as human nature and mere existence. One may define it as the belief that life is destitute and man meaningless. English Essays

Daddy by Sylvia Plath Essay Example

Daddy by Sylvia Plath Essay Example Daddy by Sylvia Plath Paper Daddy by Sylvia Plath Paper Task speak In present tense but talk about father In past In her 1962 poem Daddy Sylvia Plate uses an array of simple language, passionate emotions and personal experiences to create work that helps us observe the resolution of her fathers death and the ensuing freedom she obtained from finding this closure. This specific poem was written only 4 months before her impending suicide and Is highly autobiographical In nature. The discussion of her fathers death, her failed marriage and her suicide attempts are all very compelling. The use of imagery, along with the rhythm and rhyme of the poem make it a great study. In the first stanza, Plate uses the phrase You do not do, you do not do which suggests she has had enough and is not taking anymore aggravation. This tells me she feels someone Is treating her poorly and the tone Is very demanding, so evidently she feels a lot of anger towards this person. She continues by saying Any more, black shoe/ In which I have lived like a foot/For thirty years, poor and white/ Barely daring to breathe or Cacao. By making a comparison between herself and the shoe she is sing a simile, which suggests she has low self-esteem. Also, a foot in a shoe is very tight so she may be inferring that she feels very claustrophobic. Another way of interpreting this is by saying she Is the foot and her Daddy Is the shoe, and she has received no support from the shoe, and therefore no support from Daddy, whom at this point we assume is her father. Furthermore, the line Barely daring to breathe or Cacao gives the impression of fear. Its as if she is too scared to voice her feelings and speak out. In my opinion, there Is some mystery surrounding this poem. Daddy, I have had to kill you. You died before I had tile This Is very thought-provoking because I find myself asking the question, Time to what? The dash lines cause some sort of vagueness. Is it possible she is talking about the lack of time she had to form a relationship? Or perhaps she is suggesting there was no time to state her feelings? We are left to make up our own mind. Plate uses a selection of metaphors, for example, she refers to her father as Hitler. This Is a clever use of irony because Plate was American and the Americans hated the Germans, therefore I believe she Is announcing her hatred for her father. In Dalton, she uses some German; her fathers native language. This is most likely to mock him and make him feel foolish and insignificant. ICC, ICC, ICC, ICC. In German this means so it tells the reader her father was very narcissistic and made everything about himself; he didnt care about anyone else, including his daughter. Plate continues to use a variety of metaphors and similes by comparing her father her father and feels some sort of persecution experienced by a Jew. Moreover, she clearly feels a lot of revulsion for him and really despises his character. Continuing with the Nazi theme, Sylvia Plate compares her father to Hitler, And your neat moustache/ And your Aryan eye, bright blue. This is very strong language because she is implying her father brought devastation to her life, and had no compassion whatsoever. This idea is supported when she compares Daddy to Drachma, The vampire who said he was you/And drank my blood for a year/Seven years, if you want to know/Daddy, you can lie back now. By using this comparison she is claiming her father would wreak havoc on peoples lives, alleging the villagers never liked you, ND so she was not the only one with such strong feelings for him. Another metaphor is used later on in the poem and it follows on in to the next stanza. Any less the black man who/Bit my pretty red heart in two. This coveys heartbreak and Plate uses some very strong imagery, which continues when she reveals details of her suicide attempt. At twenty I tried to die/ And get back, back, back to you/ I thought even the bones would do. She is obviously very unhappy and the phrase back, back, back to you is evidence of repetition. There is a very powerful image of trying to get back, but not quite being able to. It is clear to me as a reader that the poet feels weak and frail. And t hey stuck me together with glue. Glue isnt very strong and an object can easily be broken, therefore she is insinuating that she is fragile. However, she does have some strength still within, The black telephones off at the root/The voices Just cant worm through. This tells us she is no longer going to allow the voices of the past to hurt her. To conclude, it is clear Plate felt a lot of hatred for the subject of this poem. She sees some strong imagery and language techniques which help to explain the true extent of anger and fury felt towards this person. However, it is unclear as to who the focus of this poem is. At first glance I would assume she is talking about her father, but as we read deeper in to the poem several other possibilities arise. For example, Daddy could be referring to Ted Hughes, once her husband. I understand they had a very heated relationship which is understandable with two very accomplished poets living under the same roof, with so much desire to constantly produce works of excellence. If this theory is correct, it would mean she may be writing from her childs perspective, hence the title Daddy. Alternatively, another possibility is that God is the focus. God is seen as a father figure and so this is also a rational explanation. Plate claims, l could never talk to you, so perhaps she felt there was no connection between them and she found it difficult to communicate. Additionally, she hoped that one day her belief would return, tried to die/And get back, back, back to you. This gives us the impression that she is trying to get to heaven and reconnect with God.

Equilibrium Constant - Chemistry Definitions

Equilibrium Constant - Chemistry Definitions The equilibrium constant is the ratio of the equilibrium concentrations of the products raised to the power of their stoichiometric coefficients to the equilibrium concentrations of the reactants raised to the power of their stoichiometric coefficients.For a reversible reaction:aA bB → cC dDThe equilibrium constant, K, is equal to:K [C]c ·[D]d/[A]a ·[B]bwhere[A] equilibrium concentration of A[B] equilibrium concentration of B[C] equilibrium concentration of C[D] equilibrium concentration of D There are several different types of equilibrium constants. These including binding constants, association constants, dissocation constants, stability constants, and formation constants. Factors that may affect the equilibrium constant include temperature, ionic strength, and choice of solvent. Source Denbigh, K. (1981). Chapter 4. The Principles of Chemical Equilibrium (4th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-28150-8.

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Toyota Production System Case Study

Toyota Production System Case Study 1.1. Introduction The Toyota Production System (TPS) which was developed by Toyota Motor Corporation in 1970s is the Toyotas unique production approach and it becomes the worldwide application of production system in many companies (Moden, 1991). The main objective of TPS is to improve their manufacturing process by cutting off overburden and unevenness and elimination of waste in the process. The purpose of this assignment aims to assess the progress of a medium-sized construction company which is working in commercial projects and sometimes on design-build projects. As a representative of youth generation of the company, the author recognises that there are many problems existing in the process of executing a project of the company. Hence, benefit and reputation of the company is seriously affected by their defects on the process. In this report, the author will investigate all problems in the company in the terms of two phases in a construction project: pre-construction and construction phase. The author afterward will indicates the theory of lean in construction to apply in the company in order to solve problems. The improvement of the company will be analysed base on the model of TPS House diagram. Finally, the implementation and further development of the whole process will be discussed. 1.2. Company overview In this assignment, the author is going to analyse a construction company as described in assignment scenario. It is a medium sized construction firm working mostly on traditional office and commercial projects (gained through bidding) and sometimes on design-build projects. As a construction firm, the company is aware of the role of planning is the vital process of any project. Harris (2006, p65) indicated two types of planning which are strategic and operational planning. The first type has been executed by the client and integrated team which involves proposal outline of the project such as scopes, procurement route, time and financing. The operational plan, in contrast, will depict the process achieved in each stage of project in detail. The operation of planning process and involved problems of the company will describe below: The company has a systematic planning and management system for construction projects, starting from a master schedule and related partial plans for plant, personnel, materials etc. ; plans for shorter term are derived from the master plan, extending to weekly plans, and the progress is monitored and feedback to management. The current issue is the usage of the plan; it seems not being attracted staffs to the master plan, as people mostly do not study this plan. Even if the master plan is used, all of the tasks in this plan are not sorted in logical way, hence the plan looks chaotically. Consequently, the project cannot go smoothly and the company always meet an anxious rush when the deadline is coming. The company could starts their construction process in just two weeks after winning the bid, even if the project has been happening for years and it has been designed for one year. So that, sometime the contractor does not have enough preparation for their work, they will start the work as soon as they can. Financial control in the company is tight, and every material and work package is procured for its lowest price. Sometime, the construction works in the site have to be delayed or even stopped due to shortage of material and labour resources in the construction site, especially in big project, those situations happen regularly. The communication on the site is not really good. It is the lack of collaboration among sub-contractors. The site personnel of company often seem to be exhausted by long hours and constant troubleshooting The company seems too difficult to adapt the design and build projects when they are the DB contractor of a project. This thing results from insufficient of design experience control of the company and the management experience of DB procurement method which is very popular in construction industry in the United Kingdom Finally, the amount of physical waste transported from site is very lager; moreover the benefits from tight financial control seem to be lost by such cost leaked. As shown in the description above, it is obviously to see that the company has many disadvantages in order to manage a project. In the later parts of the assignment, the author will try to analyse particular problems and make improvements based on the Toyota Production System theory. Chapter 2: Analysis of production process in the company 2.1. General outline of the process map Oberlender (2000, p140) concluded planning is the vital process of any project, the better planning is, the better project is achieved. In a construction project, Harris (2006, p65) indicated that there are two types of planning which are strategic and operational planning. The first type has been executed by the client and integrated team which involves proposal outline of the project such as scopes, procurement route, time and financing. The operational plan, in contrast, will depict the process achieved in each stage of project in detail. In this assignment, the whole map of operation plan in construction process which is include the planning and execution process and the service procurement process will be drawn and analysed in order to make the appropriate improvement of the company. 2.2. Current process of the company In this assignment, the author is going to use UML activity diagrams to illustrate the map of pre-construction and construction processes. Fig 1 below show processes of construction project including pre-construction and construction stage which is applied in the company. Figure 1: Pre-construction process Figure 2: Construction process 2.3. Analysis of pre-construction process (1-12) 2.3.1. Description of the map In the pre-construction stage, the company will divide construction work into many work packages and develop plans for tendering. They have to prepare all the information about project and open a tender; finally they will choose suitable sub-contractors and material suppliers. There are two main phases of this stage which are production information and tender action. Production information: normally, the DB contractor will divide the whole work into many work packages with information of work, responsibility, schedule and the cost for each package. The purpose of this phase is to help all the sub-contractors understand and prepare what they have to do with their package. However, to do this, sub-contractors need to prepare and win for the tender of those packages. Even three principles of a good project which are time, quality and cost are considered; the company always put the low price as the top of priority. Tender documentation and tender action: the company will be the client of work packages which are executed by sub-contractors. Sub-contractors are required to spend time to study product documents as they want to take part in the tender i.e. work packages. They also need to prepare the tender document and arrange for their own plan of works before they submit those documents to main contractor. Based on the quality of the tender documents and the reputation of sub-contractors, the company will select suitable contractors for each package and prepare the contracts with them. Normally, the contractors which offer the best price will be selected. 2.3.2. Existing problems in the process There is insufficient information from the company in tender action; moreover the company really focus on the cost and the lowest price contractor would be selected. Consequently, many aspects of project have been neglected i.e quality and time. 2.4. Analysis of construction Stage (13-49) 2.4.1. Description of the process This is the main stage of any project with the end product is the whole CTG. The stage starts when the company establishes contract to sub-contractors which was indicated in the previous stages. Sometimes the design changes or the design teams make some modifications. The changes in design in DB procurement will lead to many risks to client, so that before executing the works, main contractor and sub-contractors should spend time to review the detail design and make recommendation in order to avoid the risks. During the stage, the company is the main actor who arranges the site, and executes main works such as excavation, main building structure and so on; meanwhile sub-contractors should have their own plan for implementing their works at the right time. According to Angus (2003, p137), in this stage, changes may be obliged in either term design or construction even they are not expected in advance. If the changes happen, the cost of the project will change, the result may be serious in DB procurement method. Hence, in this stage, correct planning and sufficient controlling can be the most critical issue to achieve the construction of project. Whenever, the change is achievable, all of the concerned parties should take part in discussions in order to find a way to reduce the bad effects as much as possible. The current planning process can be divided by four main parts as follow: General Master Plans (made 3 monthly for the whole life time of the project; process 13-16): Planning department under the control of project manager will develop the master plan in order to make sure the project will be executed within the specified constrains with the association of health and safety problems (Mawdesly, 1997). Develop Sectional Master Plans (made monthly for the next 3 months; process 17-25): The General Master Plan will be developed by the planning department based on the general master plan and scopes which are issued by Project Manager (Mawdesly, 1997). More detail plan for personnel, labours and material will be extend to ensure that aims of general master plan will be attained. Once all the departments receive the sectional master plan, they have to review the plan and make revisions in order to make a feasible plan for the whole teams. Develop Weekly Plans (made weekly for next 3 weeks; process 26-36): Weekly plans are derived from the Sectional Master plan. All the involved parties have to develop their own plan and make the recommendation to Planning department in order to establish an appropriate plan. According to Mawdesly (1997, p10) the weekly plan have to ensure the efficiency of resources indicated from the previous plan so as to reach the project objectives. Construction process (36-48): The construction works begin with the preparation of construction site. As the main contractor, the company will execute all the main work on site, meanwhile other contractors (sub-contractors, material suppliers) need to have plan to deliver their products as indicated on their plans. Every week, all of the contractors require issuing the progress report and sending them to project manager and clients organisation in order to control the construction works. This schedule, according to Mawdesly (1997), there is little change of the plan because it will badly affect to construction progress of a project when uncertainty happens. 2.4.2. Problems happen in the process The company always implement the project very soon after they win in a tender, sometimes they could not gather adequate inputs from involved parties. As the result, less realistic and practical schedule are issued. Due to the lack of communication among parties in the project organisation, the general master and the sectional master plans are not appropriate and the conflict happens within sub-contractors. There is not enough update for weekly schedule because of deficiency of attention on planning and the shortage of management skills. Thus, uneven workloads are unavoidable and almost sub-contractors have to rush near the deadline in order to finish works. As consequent, many critical aspects of successful project such as quality and time are not guaranteed. The company put the low price tender at the top of priority results in huge amount of unused inventory in construction site. Hence, in every project, there is large number of wastes occurring. In addition, lowest price will result in bad quality of material using in projects. As indicated above, an inappropriate schedule will lead to a problem of material distribution which is sometimes there are superabundant materials on site whereas sometime lack of material. All those things have bad results in bad performance of the construction process. 2.5. Other problems in construction site 2.5.1. Team work and collaboration As mentioned in the company overview, the communication and collaboration among parties in a project is not good. This problem results in many errors on the construction site and when the argument occur the progress of construction will be affected. 2.5.2. Staffs motivation The assumption of the company indicated that their staffs are not interested in making plan scheduling for the project and they seem not to have enough motivation to contribute to the development of those plan. There are many reasons cause the low motivation of staffs. One of them may come from the lack of communication and team-work among members; staffs sometimes do not know what they should do. The poor quality of plan is also another reason for the motivation of staffs. 2.5.3. Physical waste on site. Based on the theory of Toyota production system which was presented by Liker, J., K. (2004), there are seven type of waste (Muda) in this scenario, they are: Overproduction Waiting Transportation Inappropriate processing Unnecessary inventory Unnecessary movement Defects In this assignment, those issues below are main reason for physical waste on site: Unnecessary transport or conveyance; Excess inventory and Unnecessary movement: Due to poor quality plan schedule (in both sectional and weekly plan), the plan of delivery material is not suitable, resulting in those type of wastes. Defects: The bad quality material and design will cause many defects to the project. Hence, reparation, re-construction or replacement of any structures will increase waste in project. Chapter 3: Toyota Production Lean Principles 3.1. Introduction into Lean Principles According to Liker (2004), the major idea of Lean production is to maximiseÂÂ  the value for customer while getting rid of waste added in the production process. In the other ways, lean production indicates producing more value for customers withÂÂ  fewer resources. The lean production, in other words Toyota Production System or TPS, were firstly adapted by Toyota, the biggest car manufacture in the world when they developed a new mode of production, in which they focus on the customers and endeavour to reduce all type of waste as much as possible. In their new modes, Toyota has developed such tools which is becoming popular throughout the world, they are: Just-In-Time (JIT), Kanban replenishment system and 5S theory. The idea of lean thinking was indicated in the Womack and Jones (1996) book, in which there are five principles: Specify value An accurate understanding of the precise needs of the customer is required. Hence, the Company needs to find out what the customer wants. Identify the Value Stream Value stream is the set of all necessary activities to achieve an explicit product. Womack and Jones (1996) indicated that determining whole value stream for each product is very important step in order to identify muda (waste), maintain the value-adding activities and add more customer value (which should be continuously improved). Flow McCarron (2006) concluded that in a process, all activities needs to run in a continuous flow. It means that work flow should be steadily without breaking up. Pull Womack and Jones (1996) concluded that it is better the make the customer pull the product rather than let the company push their product. So that, the company will produce what customer needs hence, eliminating waste. Perfection Last but not least, is the perfection, it can be described as the right amount of value added to clients. In the whole process, all activities, work flows have to go smoothly with minimising of waste. Moreover, the motivation of staffs needs to be considering. 3.2. Toyota 14 principles In the book The Toyota Way, Linker (2004) explained fourteen principles of the TPS, those principles will be summarised with the references of Learning Package 3: Principle 1: Base your management decisions on a long-term philosophy, even at the expense of short-term financial goals Principle 2: Create continuous process flow to bring problems to the surface: Principle 3: Use the Pull system to avoid overproduction Principle 4: Level out the workload (Heijunka) Principle 5: Build a culture of stopping to fix problems, to get quality right the first time Principle 6: Standardize tasks are the foundation for continuous improvement and employee empowerment Principle 7: Use visual control so no problems are hidden Principle 8: Use only reliable, thoroughly tested technology that serves your people and processes Principle 9: Grow leaders who thoroughly understand the work, live the philosophy, and teach it to others. Principle 10: Develop exceptional people and teams who follow your companys philosophy Principle 11: Respect your extended network of partners and suppliers by challenging them and helping them improve Principle 12: Go and see for yourself to thoroughly understand the situation (Genchi Genbutsu) Principle 13: Make decisions slowly by consensus, thoroughly consider all options; implement decisions rapidly Principle 14: Become a learning organization through relentless reflection (Hansei) and continuous improvement (Kaizen) 3.3. Lean production in construction Bjornfot (2006) stated that lean principles can be applied to construction based on five principle of Lean Thinking that was indicated by Womack and Jones (1996), they are: Value, Value Stream, Flow, Pull and Perfection. Differences between construction and manufacturing process were mentioned by Cooper (2005) in which he emphasised the lack of co-ordination and communication between parties in construction industry. In addition, it is not easy to forecast principal aspects of a construction project which are time, cost, quality and profit. Pheng and Fang (2005) indicated the term of lean construction as a component of construction best practice, moreover, lean construction is a combination of existing principles. The main significant features in which construction industry are different to other industry can be listed as the huge size of project, the stillness of structure and great complexity. In order to simplify the lean theory applied to construction project, the author decided to use the model of Toyota House to analysis the company problem and indicate improvement for the company. The figure below shows the model of Toyota House which was illustrated by Liker (2004) Figure 2: TPS House Diagram (Liker, 2004) To be explained the application of the improvement process, Liker (2004) believed that lean principles will be built as a house model. There are three critical structures: Foundation and two Pillars and they all supported to the roof which is the continuous improvement of the process. If any of three structures is missing or fragile resulting as the improvement cannot be executed. Therefore, in order to improve the construction process, all of structure in the Toyota House should be considered carefully. 3.3.1. Foundation There are four aspects have to look at in the foundation: Toyota Philosophy (Principle 1) Visual Management (Principle 7) Stable and Standardized processes (Principle 6) Levelled Production (Heijunka, Principle 4). 3.3.2. Pillars There are two pillars in the Toyota House model which are: Just-In-Time (Principle 2, 3), Jidoka (Principle 5,8). Just-in-Time according to Toyota is the manufacturing of particular what they want to make at an accurate point of time with the exact amounts. Hence, using JIT can help the company eliminate wastes, and unexpected requirements in order to improve production process. Liker (2004) indicated some principles to consider in JIT: Continuous flow: this ensure the process will finish without any waste of time and material as well. Takt time: the main part of one piece flow. Takt is the rate in which a product goes through process so as to reach the customer (Liker, 2004) Pull system: as explained as a principle of Lean production. Quick changeover: the ability of process to have quick change when required. Integrated logistics: partners of the company should apply JIT wherever process that they involve in the project. Jidoka: Following Toyota the term Jidoka is described as automation with a human touch. Womack and Jones (1996) made more clear explanation of Jidoka as the ability of system to stop the work automatically when something wrong happens; otherwise all of products have to be verified with high quality. With the purpose of applying Jidoka, those aspects below need to be considered: Automatic stops: when any part of the process cannot satisfy the requirement. Andon: is a caution indicator, it occurs when there is a mistake in the process. Person Machine separation: Following Toyota, this feature let people to warn any irregular condition of process and they can stop the operation of machinery so as to reduce the unnecessary waste. Error proofing: is essential to stop machines automatically. In-Station quality control: it means the quality control have to be ensured within a stage before it goes to another stages; hence reduce faulty product and waste (Liker, 2004) Solve root cause (5-whys): The application of 5-whys method is going to be used in this aspect. The problem will be investigate intensely with the purpose of solving problem (Linker, 2004). 3.3.3. Centre The constituent of this part includes People Teamwork (Principle 9, 10, 11, 13), Waste reduction (Principle 12, 13, 14), Continuous improvement (Principle 14) People and Teamwork: Selection: It is important to select a person can fulfil the task. Inappropriate person can result faulty, delay and more waste to process. Common goals: It is obvious that in an organisation, all members must have same goals in order to develop the organisation. Liker (2004) indicated that common goal is speared within the organisation from top to bottom by the supply chain. Ringi decision making: this aspect ensures that all the people involved to a process should take part in a decision of the improvement. Hence, all possible decisions will be considered. Cross-trained Persons: ability to be able to perform different tasks to improve quality and productivity. (Liker, 2004) Waste reduction: Genchi Genbutsu: see principle 12 in part 3.2 5-whys: is a method by asking Why in five times in order to find the original of a problem. Eyes for waste: it means the company should take time to observe and control waste. Problem solving: to find the problem at root level. Associated with 5-whys method to have the total elimination of waste. Chapter 4: Improvement of current processes 4.1. Lean measurement Using the model of Toyota House presented in the previous chapter, lean measurement of each issue happened in the process of the company will be evaluate in this part. In the table below, the sign x indicates that we can apply the aspect in with the purpose of improving a particular issue of a process. 4.2. General improvement of the company Based on the Lean Measurement table in part 4.1, the author indicates three aspects that very important for the company in general in which the indications of x are huge, they are: People and Teamwork Long-term philosophy Eyes for Waste When the company improve any stage of a project, they firstly should consider all of three aspects below. They are the principles for the development of the whole process, and they should take part in every part of process. 4.2.1. People and team work It is evident that people in the heart of any organisation, even in the high-technology era, the position of people is unchangeable in order to create and operate any kind of machine. Liker and Meier (2007) stated that in choosing an appropriate people with high skills and experiences is the key to achieve a successful process. In order to improve a process, the company needs to develop their staffs first, that is a way Toyota following. Even at that time, the company may not have a good enough staffs for all position. However, the company should have a long-term vision to train exceptional staffs for their important position of the company. Thus, they can improve their organisation. Liker and Meier (2007) suggested the first principle for a leader is the one who has capacity and desire to learn something from other (mean that he is not too self-opinionated). Moreover, Naoum (2001) indicated some more attributes which are: Long-term vision which associates to the benefit of the company. capacity to make decision Confident in his ability and his staffs as well. Liker (2004) convinced that the development of individual and the improvement of teamwork in the company should go together and have balance between them. According to Hardingham (1995), improved team-work is able to decrease cost and develop the effectiveness of production process. Additional, Thompson (2000) persuaded the collaboration of the company will be increased when they are successful in teamwork. In order to achieve effective teamwork, he stated some elements: The team should share a common goal and has enough ability to achieve the goal. Sufficiency of motivation to overcome the mission with high quality of performance. Flexible to harmonise their actions and communication. 4.2.2. Long-term philosophy Liker (2004) indicated the long-term philosophy is the foundation of the other principle, so that the short term decisions need to be associated to the long-term vision of the company. As presented in the company brief, now the company really focus on the term of cost in the project, hence the balance among three factors of a project (time, cost and quality) is not guarantee. Following Liker (2004, p114) and Imai (1991, p49), Toyota had serious thinking of making a product which give more value to customers with good quality at acceptable price. Hence, they did not put the price as the top of their company. Based from this study, the author indicates that the company should change the long-term philosophy as the way Toyota is executing i.e. Value for customer and quality of project not only the lowest price. Imai (1991) stated that the improvement cannot be finished if there is not any standard. Hence, the establishment standard is necessary for any organisation or project in order to make improvements. Moreover, he also concluded the Kaizen (continuous improvement) is called as never-ending efforts for improvement, it can be understood that when a standard achieved, the better standard will be occurred and then this become the next goal of the process. The figure below will show the PDCA cycle or in other words is a Continuation of the Deming Wheel, which indicates the cycle of continuous improvement. 4.2.3. Eyes for waste This aspect was presented in the part 3.3.3 The main principle of Lean Production is eliminating waste in process. Thus, it is clear that every people within the organisation should care about waste issue. The company requires ensuring all of their employees and partners must observe any waste in the whole process and do the best to reduce wastes as much as possible. 4.3. Analysis of improvement in Pre-construction and construction phase 4.3.1. Pre-construction Process As mentioned in part 2.3, problems existing in this stage of project include which are insufficient information from the company in tender action and the concentration of cost of the company. Hence, the quality of the sub-contractors and suppliers are not very good and sometime they could not afford the quality and time of the project. In order to improve the tender documents, the company must have standards for their tender, so that when they reach those standards the document will have good quality. Hence, sub-contractors and suppliers have to make their documents carefully before submitting. As a result, the quality of the process will improve. Moreover, using Ringi decision with the participation of all departments involved to project will help the company establish a quality tender document In the solution for choosing lowest tender, initially, the company should apply the method of Solve root cause problems to find the origin reasons. Using 5 whys technique is a good answer for this situation. Reasons may relate to the long-term vision of the company in which the cost is focused. 4.3.2. Construction Process The problems in is phase were explained in part 2.4, in order to solve problems and make improvement, the author will divided construction into many issues and analyse development of each of them. There are five issues in the process: a. Input for planning process One of the problems in this process is the lack of input from in involved parties, as stated in the pre-construction phase, using stable and standardised process and Ringi decision techniques can be solution for this issue. All the sub-contractors and suppliers should work enthusiastically until they get the standards established by the company, moreover they have to involve to any decision related to their contributions. b. Updating plan schedule One of trouble is the implementation of a project is very early so that the company do not have enough time for the preparation of construction works. In addition, weak collaboration between involved parties results to an unsuitable plan schedule (including sectional master plan and weekly master plan). The first technique can used to improve the situation is stable and standardised technique. It means that when the updating the Master schedule, the company need to attain their standard which is the foundation for any further improvement. The second method is the application of Pull system, the sectional and weekly plan should base on actual conditions on construction site, the construction department, particularly the site department. To be explained this point, the construction department is the one who control all the works on site, they will have whole understanding of what is happening on site, so they can make an appropriate plan for the project. In addition, all the involved parties such as suppliers, sub-contractors and other departments should have involvement to make a plan that suitable for them. Another issue that is important in this process is the quality of plan. In order to achieve this aim, the application of creating continuous flow, lev

Effects of a Strong or Weak Philippine Peso Currency Essay

Two conflicting stories came out of a national paper this week. One announced that exporters are badly hurt by the appreciating peso while the other states that the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) claims that the surging currency is beneficial to the Philippine economy. Those stories seem to tell the Filipinos that we cannot have our cake and eat it too. Whenever there is a good effect, there is a corresponding draw back. Let us take the first statement. There are two types of exporters. One is who imports raw materials, processes it and exports the finished product. The other is one who buys or produces the raw material locally, processes it and exports the result. In the first case, we export only labor. In the second, we export labor and raw material converted by labor into finished product. When the peso is weak, more pesos are spent to buy raw materials. The product is sold to earn a strong dollar. Then labor is paid in weak peso. When the peso is strong, there will be less pesos spent acquiring raw material. Then the finished product is sold earning weak dollars. There will be more dollars needed to pay labor in strong pesos. What exporters are afraid of is our finished product will be less competitive in the world market if a strong peso raises production costs. Labor costs will rise because there will be more dollars to be converted to pesos to be spent for labor. What will be affected are the export processing zones. Finished products will be less competitive in the world market. Profits will dive and factories may close. On the other hand, the quality of the peso in the world market is raised. We will need less pesos to service our external debt in dollars. There will be more investors coming because they can earn more than when the peso is weak. Philippine economy will be stronger. There will be more investors coming because the strong peso earned will compensate their efforts. The BSP argues that the peso surge is but temporary. Market forces will eventually force the peso to seek its level. Overseas workers are the ones responsible for the strong peso. When remittances slow down the peso will depreciate. There is a tendency for the overseas workers to live permanently in the place where they work if the government of the country will allow. The sad part of the business is that even if the peso appreciates, it is never felt locally. Local prices will remain the same. Take for example oil products. If the world market for liquid petroleum gas rises, our local prices rise along with it. If it falls the peso price for Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) will remain the same. Even if the peso appreciates, there is still no roll back in LPG prices. There must be something wrong with our economics. Perhaps we would be much thankful that the peso appreciates. We are an importing country. Since birth we have been conditioned to believe that anything imported is excellent. Imported wines, whiskeys, cigarettes, chocolates, perfumes and cars are better appreciated than local products. With the appreciating pesos, plus the General Agreement on Trade and Tariff all imported luxuries will now be within the reach of the locals. The incoming dollars will go out again. Our overseas workers will have to stay longer if not forever just to keep our economy afloat. While economy is on the rise, we do not institute measures to keep it up. Our economic planners must pull their acts together. We still are not aware how the strong peso affects the small and medium enterprises. If there is any benefit from the surging currency, the influence must be felt locally in any way otherwise the natives will never be able to benefit from the situation. Is the surging peso beneficial or detrimental?

Forecasting Digital Crime and Digital Terrorism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1747 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Level High school Topics: Crime Essay Terrorism Essay Did you like this example? FORECASTING DIGITAL CRIME AND DIGITAL TERRORISM Forecasting Digital Crime and Digital Terrorism Trends Introduction The ongoing cyber-criminal threats all around the United States result in major financial losses. Cyber-crimes also have an impact on the critical substructure of an organization such as supply chain and intellectual property matters. Thus, various critical infrastructures face a major cyber threat. As the society is evolving and inventing, criminals are also deploying great adaptability to attain the greatest benefit from information technology. The infrastructure of this country is, therefore, at a critical point from the mounting cyber threats. The threat is also as a result of the progressions in the complexity and availability of malevolent software tools. In fact, the new technologies raise new security concerns that may not be under consideration for their adoption. Thus, the developing mechanization in our infrastructure poses more c yber security threats that can be easily abused by opponents. This paper will show how the law enforcement personnel in this field need training with various upcoming technologies. This way they will be one step ahead of digital terrorism and digital crime (Police Executive Research Forum, 2012). Outline of Computer Crime Forecast Digital crime and digital terrorism will, in the future, be worse than it is right now. The law enforcement agencies and laws have not managed to keep up with the changing technology. They always have something new to deal with immediately after discovering an approach to solving the current problem. As a result, the law enforcement agencies are always behind the power curve. It is, therefore, necessary to train new personnel of various law enforcement agencies on the currently existing technology and the upcoming new technologies. It is because technology changes on a daily basis that this trend will never end. The law enforcement agencies can learn a lot from the past to help them predict the future criminal trends so as to facilitate best practices for prosecuting and investigating computer crime. They will also learn how to research the past, present, and future emerging methodological aspects relating to digital crime. By overview, there are eight forecasts developed from data collection and analysis. It is possible to understand the digital terrorism and crime happening in the future. The eight forecasts are as follows: 1. The number of reported offenses to the police on issues relating to electronic storage media and computers will continue to rise. It will call for a change in priority in terms of new training for investigators and officers, resource allocation, new knowledge for prosecuting judges and attorneys and new police specialties. 2. Major computer related crimes that are addressed by the local law enforcement will continue to represent the largest monetary loss and number of victims as a result of intern et fraud from identity theft. 3. There will be an increase of virtual crimes against persons than it was in the past years. It is as a result of the widespread expansion of personal computing, networking, and social networking sites. The hybrid crimes will have the same characteristics similar to those of psychological warfare. These crimes will need new laws to address these problems and other new approaches to educating, prevention ad investigation of these crimes. 4. The fourth forecast is that various hacker groups will emerge from various developing countries, and this means an increase in malicious attacks. These external attacks are mainly political, religious and money oriented. 5. The present day organized crimes; mainly the entrepreneurial crimes will continue to increase with the increase of computerization. Organized criminal groups will use computer instruments for record keeping just like the legal businesses. These groups will use databases and spreadsheets t o cover their criminal activities. Criminals can easily obtain counterfeit documents and currency and make fake none and passports through various technologies like the fax machine, printers, scanners, and copiers. Thus, contributing to illegal immigrations. Organized criminal groups have discovered a way of smuggling immigrants into this country without the trace. They also smuggle counterfeit products such as man-made video tapes, audio tapes, computer software, and DVDs among others. These criminals steal the copyright information of legit companies and sell to the public at a much cheaper price. Another challenge related to this is the rise of black market business whereby organizations do not follow the right licensing channels or tax payments. They go through the illegal means of making money. Fraud and theft online happen when criminal obtain the personal information of someone and uses them to their advantage. Telecommunication crimes occur by hacking telephones and mobil e phones so as to access personal or corporate information that can be of use to criminals. Sexually based commerce is engaging and arranging prostitution via the internet. It is different from the old method of standing in the streets and picking up prostitutes. Gambling also has on the internet, and people can access a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s identity and lose money when personal information is stolen for gambling purposes. 6. There will be an increase of terrorist groups using global networking as a means of attaining their goals. They can use the internet for surreptitious communications, recruiting and coordinating purposes. The groups can also use the network to gain access to critical systems leading to information chaos and destruction of files. All this is the destruction-cyber terrorism. 7. There will be much broader cases of character espionage in areas like economic espionage, information welfare, and intellectual property theft. 8. Last is that anarchists, pa triots, nation-states, criminal terrorists will increasingly make of technology-based approaches and instruments, thus contributing to the surreptitious capture of data or information. Also, it makes it possible to destroy technological processing of information, communications and storage appliances. For example, the use of technology instruments like the high energy radio frequency and electromagnetic pulses are used as weapons in China. Criminals can use the instruments to jam signals so that they disrupt the communication for their benefits. Also the Tempest/Emissions Security (MSEC and Compromising Electronic Emanations compromising are used for surveillance and espionage. This way the criminals can find the location of police and also hear what they are saying over the radio calls (White Paper, 2011). Mitigating Future Forecasts For the police to improve the mitigation of the future forecasts, it is important for them to be aware of malicious software such as worms, Troj an horseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s unwanted software and viruses from computers. These unwanted software programs are activity being created every day by criminal groups. Therefore, the law enforcement officials have to be knowledgeable in computer uses that will them to identify and eliminate malicious software from their computers. Computer knowledge is not necessary so as to access malicious software. Criminals use them in obtaining information and become knowledgeable of the top secret information in the United States (Taylor, Fritsch, Liederbach Holt, 2011). The sophistication and number of cyber-attacks have dramatically increased in the recent past, and they will continue to grow in types and number. When the cyber-criminals gain more time, they will gain motivation, funds and more time to engage in criminal activities. Criminals will have access to any form of information on the internet. Though the law enforcement agencies will manage to identify the common threats from cyber- attacks, it will still be hard for them to keep up with the constant changing versions of these attacks. The drastic changes in technology also make it hard to keep up with the new changes happening on a daily basis. Thus, the evolvement of technology also means the evolvement of digital crime. The arrival of new technologies is equivalent to the worst forms of digital crimes. We can use our cell phones in completing all forms of transactions both the legal and the illegal ones. The efficiency of these technologies is it fax machines, copiers, printers, scanners and much more also means efficiency in criminal behavior. Criminals make use of these technologies to access any information or to undertake an illegal task. For example, online shopping or visiting the store both poses major challenges. When visiting a store, it is possible to scan oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s credit even without your knowledge. It happens when paying for merchandise. Online shopping has much worse risks becau se the online websites may require the buyer to give out personal details on a site that is not secure when making the purchase. The criminal can drain all the cash in your bank account after stealing ones personal information. Terrorism is also available in the digital form. Terrorists use the Internet to recruit new members and gain financial support. When trying to read information about a terrorist group, your IP address is visible to the terrorists operating the website. They may start giving you good promises so that you join the group. These groups have ways of making themselves unnoticeable. So as technology evolves, so does the terrorists. They are well aware of what technology can do even before they hit the market (Ferguson Bernache, 2008). Thus, it is essential for the law enforcement personnel to receive in-depth training on the evolving technology even before they hit the market. They have to be versatile when it comes to addressing technology matters. They should not just be concerned about the basics of technology, but everything starting from computer fraud to malicious software. Conclusion There is the need to track the various networks and databases used by criminals in committing the crime. Training will assists the law enforcement personnel are aware of the new demands of growing technology. They will be training on matters relating to security processes, issues, and practices. They will also have to up their game on internet investigative techniques and undertake forensic analysis using electronic devices (Taylor et al., 2011). Thus, there is a need for enough manpower in keeping up with the new forms of crimes arising from digital terrorism and digital crime. It is essential to undertake data collection on computer related crimes. They will know the target and implement a plan of finding the criminals. Prevention of these criminals will require the law enforcers to step ahead and be more advanced than they are now. Reference s Ferguson, A. G., Bernache, D. (2008). The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"high-crime areaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. American University Law Review, Vol. 57, No. 6. Police Executive Research Forum. (2012). How are innovations in technology transforming policing? Washington, D.C., p. 1. Taylor, R. W., Fritsch, E. J., Liederbach, J., Holt, T.J. (2011). Digital crime and digital terrorism (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. White Paper. (2011). Prospective analysis of trends in cybercrime from 2011 to 2020. Retrieved from https://www.mcafee.com/tw/resources/white-papers/wp-trends-in-cybercrime-2011-2020 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Forecasting Digital Crime and Digital Terrorism" essay for you Create order

Differences Of Pablo Picasso And Diego Velazquezs Paintings

Page 1 of 2 ZOOM In 1656, Diego Velazquez made a painting titled, Las Meninas. He was a painter for a royal family and many of his paintings consisted of the family. Many years later, Pablo Picasso painted over 50 variations of this painting. One including his 1957 painting that was based strongly on the princess of the royal family. Although both paintings can be related to each other, they both each portray their own meanings. It may be easy to tell that both paintings may be similar because of their appearance of the princess. In Velazquez’s painting, he paints five year old, Infanta Margarita, who is being helped by many servants, including her bodyguard and dog. In Picassos painting, he also includes the princess, who†¦show more content†¦Velazquez uses a realistic style to create a scene and tell a story, but Picasso uses geometric shapes to study the princess’s body and face. Another difference is the people. Velazquez includes many people in his painting, including hims elf, while Picasso only includes the princess and a maid. Because Velazquez adds so many people into his painting, many people argue what his main focus was. However, in Picasso’s painting it is clear that he valued the princess, which makes her the main focus in his painting. Another difference is the meaning of the paintings. Velazquez titled his painting Las Meninas, or ladies in waiting. This is odd because many of the people in his painting are focused on the princess, which may imply that she is the meaning of the painting. But because of the title, it is confusing to tell what Velazquez was trying to portray. However, Picasso takes up most of the space in his painting to draw the princess. Although a maid can be seen in the painting, it is clear that Picasso was trying to show the importance of the princess. Both artists painted these works to portray something. It may not be clear, but I think Velazquez was trying to show the importance of everyone in the castle. He i ncludes himself, the princess, maids, king and queen, and other figures to not put too much focus on one person. I think he uses this strategy to show everyone is important and plays a specific role to make the royal castle so important. This is also why he createdShow MoreRelatedComparing Pablo Picassos And Diego Velazquezs Las Meninas883 Words   |  4 Pages Page 1 of 2 ZOOM In this essay I will be comparing and contrasting Diego Velazquezs â€Å"Las meninas† and Pablo Picassos â€Å"Las meninas† which are two paintings with Diego Velazquez’s being the first to make it in the 1600’s. Comparing:Diego Velazquez’s painting and Pablo Picassos are the same because they both have very fine detail and how small the lines they made, made such an impact on the result and you can see that it clearly does. I say this because if you look at Picasso’s the